Saudi Arabia - joining the dots

A series of blog entries exploring Saudi Arabia's role in the oil markets with a brief look at the history of the royal family and politics that dictate and influence the Kingdom's oil policy

AIM - Assets In Market

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Iran negotiations - is the end nigh?

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Yemen: The Islamic Chessboard?

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Acquisition Criteria

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Valuation Series

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Showing posts with label hydrogen. Show all posts
Showing posts with label hydrogen. Show all posts

Friday, 26 April 2024

The Problem with the UK Hydrogen CFD

 



The principle of a Contract-for-Difference or CFD is to provide pricing stability (or at least visibility) on the hydrogen being produced and sold. The government is typically the counterparty on CFDs.

The producer of the electricity or hydrogen negotiates and agrees a "strike price" with the government under the CFD. When the producer sells hydrogen below this agreed strike price, the government will top it up to the strike price. Conversely when the producer sells hydrogen above the agreed strike price, it must pay the excess to the government. This way, the producer will always receive the strike price for the duration of the CFD.

However the problem with the UK's Hydrogen CFD will not always top up a producer to the strike price because it imposes a floor on how low the hydrogen sale price is, below which the government will no longer top the producer up to the strike price. The floor is set at the natural gas price on a GBP/MWh basis.

Hence if hydrogen is sold below the natural gas price, the CFD payment will only be the difference between the natural gas price and the strike price. The producer does not receive any top-up for the difference between the hydrogen sale price and the natural gas price.


One further issue is that the natural gas price is variable - this introduces another risk to the producer. Even if a producer has locked in the hydrogen sale price, and therefore the difference between the sale price and strike price is fixed, the subsidy under the CFD can be variable if the natural gas price moves. The highest risk occurs when natural gas prices are high and rises to a level above the hydrogen sale price. In this case the subsidy would begin to shrink and the combined producer's hydrogen sale price plus the subsidy would end up being below the strike price.

It should be noted that the regime has been designed to incentivise producers to sell the hydrogen above the natural gas price, by paying 10% of the difference to the producer. Industry feedback has been that a 10% share is not generous enough to sufficiently incentivise produers to seek higher pricing with hydrogen buyers. This also perversely does not help drive down hydrogen pricing which is necessary for more broader base adoption. 

Monday, 11 December 2023

EU (and UK) faces headwinds on higher hanging decarbonisation fruits


EU is ontrack to fully decarbonise power by 2050

The EU is making good progress and remains the leader on decarbonisation. Focus over the past decade has been on renewable power installation which has been a massive success - only 61% of EU electricity was from renewable sources in 2022 with only 39% from fossil fuels. Power generation accounted for c.25% of emissions in 2021. With continued roll-out of renewables, which is now cost competitive with fossil fuel power, the EU is on target to decarbonise its power grid by 2050.

Higher hanging fruit

Next step is to decarbonise building emissions (36% of EU emissions) and transport (25% of EU emissions) - these are more difficult to decarbonise, not least because of the direct impact on end use consumers and businesses in terms of cost, retrofitting and replacement.

Whilst the cost of power decarbonisation was largely invisible to the end user (factored into power prices and paid over time through customer bills), decarbonisation of building emissions and transport has immediate upfront costs. In a period of high inflation, the appetite of consumers to take on extra expenses is extremely low.

In fact, consumers have made clear their unwillingness to bear energy transition costs as witnessed in the support for right wing political parties opposing green transition and advocating for lower consumer costs.

Dilution of green policies for the electorate

Europe has seen a wave of policies or proposals being diluted to keep voters on side including:

  • UK deferring ICE vehicle ban from 2030 to 2035
  • Germany's plans for building insulation standards have been put on hold (although will likely be revisited), and new heating systems only have to be 65% renewably by 2026-28
  • France has drop the proposal requiring a blanket ban of gas boilers from 2026
Although the long-term operating costs of greener technologies are low, the upfront capital cost is high and being borne by consumers. The EU is trying to make this less painful with generous grants and subsidies.

German troubles

German domestic political assuaging is resulting in a new budget that could reduce money available for green spending by c.€20 billion. This could delay a number of key initiatives including the establishment of a €20 billion hydrogen grid and €50 billion industrial decarbonisation support programme.

Germany could therefore end up relying more on fines and regulation rather than incentives, which will place additional burdens on households and the private sector. Germany's fiscal balancing act is not unique and other countries in Europe will face or are facing similar issues.

Despite headwinds, sustainability policy is advancing

All elements of the Fit for 55 legislative package have been agreed (55% emissions reduction by 2030) and the corresponding legislation will be finalised ahead of European Parliament elections in June 2024.

RED III was amended to increase the renewables target to 42.5% of the energy mix from 40% previously. RED III came into force on 20 November 2023.

The ETS scheme is being expanded to cover more sectors.

Despite headwinds, sustainability policy in Europe is slowly but surely advancing. 

Thursday, 3 March 2022

Chart of the week: Bilateral Hydrogen Trade Agreements and MOUs

 


Source: IRENA, as of November 2021

Friday, 16 July 2021

SSE and Equinor developing plans for hydrogen storage in West Yorkshire

 SSE Thermal and Equinor are developing plans for one of the world’s largest hydrogen storage facilities at their existing Aldbrough site on the East Yorkshire coast. The facility could be storing low-carbon hydrogen as early as 2028.

The existing Aldbrough Gas Storage facility, which was commissioned in 2011, is co-owned by SSE Thermal and Equinor, and consists of nine underground salt caverns, each roughly the size of St. Paul’s Cathedral. Upgrading the site to store hydrogen would involve converting the existing caverns or creating new purpose-built caverns to store the low-carbon fuel.

With an initial expected capacity of at least 320GWh, Aldbrough Hydrogen Storage would be significantly larger than any hydrogen storage facility in operation in the world today. The Aldbrough site is ideally located to store the low-carbon hydrogen set to be produced and used in the Humber region.

Hydrogen storage will be vital in creating a large-scale hydrogen economy in the UK and balancing the overall energy system by providing back up where large proportions of energy are produced from renewable power. As increasing amounts of hydrogen are produced both from offshore wind power, known as ‘green hydrogen’, and from natural gas with carbon capture and storage, known as ‘blue hydrogen’, facilities such as Aldbrough will provide storage for low-carbon energy.

Equinor has announced its intention to develop 1.8GW of ‘blue hydrogen’ production in the region starting with its 0.6GW H2H Saltend project which will supply low-carbon hydrogen to local industry and power from the mid-2020s. This will be followed by a 1.2GW production facility to supply the Keadby Hydrogen Power Station, proposed by SSE Thermal and Equinor as the world’s first 100% hydrogen-fired power station, before the end of the decade.

SSE Thermal and Equinor’s partnership in the Humber marks the UK’s first end-to-end hydrogen proposal, connecting production, storage and demand projects in the region. While the Aldbrough facility would initially store the hydrogen produced for the Keadby Hydrogen Power Station, the benefit of this large-scale hydrogen storage extends well beyond power generation. The facility would enable growing hydrogen ambitions across the region, unlocking the potential for green hydrogen, and supplying an expanding offtaker market including heat, industry and transport from the late 2020s onwards.

Aldbrough Hydrogen Storage, and the partners’ other hydrogen projects in the region, are in the development stage and final investment decisions will depend on the progress of the necessary business models and associated infrastructure.

The Aldbrough Hydrogen Storage project is the latest being developed in a long-standing partnership between SSE Thermal and Equinor in the UK, which includes the joint venture to build the Dogger Bank Offshore Wind Farm, the largest offshore wind farm in the world.


Stephen Wheeler, Managing Director of SSE Thermal, said: “We’re delighted to be announcing our plans for the development of this world-leading hydrogen storage facility with our partners in Equinor, which would play a vital role in creating a low-carbon hydrogen economy in the Humber and beyond. By delivering large-scale hydrogen storage capacity, we can utilise hydrogen to decarbonise vital power generation, as well as heavy industry, heat, transport, and other hard-to-reach sectors, safeguarding and creating crucial jobs and investment across the region.”


Grete Tveit, Senior Vice President for Low Carbon Solutions at Equinor, said: “Hydrogen will be crucial for the UK to reach its net zero ambition. That’s why we are pleased to be working together with SSE Thermal on developing plans to store low-carbon hydrogen at the Aldbrough site, bringing us and our partners in Zero Carbon Humber closer to our joint ambition to support the Humber region to become the UK’s first net zero carbon cluster. Projects such as these are critical for efforts to reaching the goals of the Paris Agreement and contributing to the UK’s goals to become a world leader in low carbon.”